15:50. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00050, Kodima, Y., Stiknowati, L. I., Ueki, A., Ueki, K., and Watanabe, K. (2008). Decreased levels of biofilm formation in different mini-Tn5 mutants. Wroblewski Similar microbial communities profiles of the enriched genera from class Flavobacteriia phylum Bacteroidetes were detected by Nanopore workflow. Few studies pointed at some marine microalgae that produce oleophilic compounds (alkanes, long-chain fatty acids, and . (Fig.2A),2A), the insertion site of the mini-Tn5 transposon in the genome of this mutant was mapped by IPCR analysis and construction of gene libraries as described in Materials and Methods. Other scientists have also criticized the agencies' decision. Lanes: T, triolein; OA, oleic acid; OO, oleyl oleate; SK2, A. borkumensis wild type; 2 M131, transposon-induced mutant; ABO_1185, A. borkumensis ABO_1185Sm. GGDEF and EAL domains are known to be involved in the metabolism of the secondary messenger cyclo-diguanylate (c-di-GMP). Further, oil and the Corexit marker have been found in air and inland water. masc./fem. The atfA1 and atfA1 atfA2 mutants showed slightly sharper drops in viability than SK2 and the atfA2 mutant during the same period. Alcanivorax borkumensis is whats called a halophilic organism, meaning it can survive in salt rich environments. A. borkumensis atfA1Km atfA2Sm was grown in ONR7a medium at 30C and harvested in the stationary growth phase by centrifugation at 4,000 rpm for 50 min at 4C. Intracellular lipids were extracted from 5 mg dry cell material by subjecting the material to a vortex in the presence of a chloroform-methanol (2:1 [vol/vol]) mixture and centrifuging to separate the cell debris. The cells of these strains were cultivated aerobically for 72 h in ONR7a medium with 1% (wt/vol) sodium pyruvate as the sole carbon source. Phycol. 2015:194540. doi: 10.1155/2015/194540, Green, D. H., Llewellyn, L. E., Negri, A. P., Blackburn, S. I., and Bolch, C. J. The sequences were blasted against the A. borkumensis genome, which allowed determination of exact locations of the mini-Tn5 insertions. This was much too early for the summer sun to have warmed the water to the point of oxygen depletion, but not too early for dispersants and dispersed oil to be mixed into the Gulf's water mass. Ono The family includes the type genus Alcanivorax and the genus Kangiella.A. A component of the double-membrane cell wall structure of Gram-negative bacteria can irritate human skin, causing inflammation and activating the immune system. SH nov., an alkane-degrading bacterium isolated from surface seawater of the straits of Malacca and Singapore, producing a lipopeptide as its biosurfactant. Sancar Metagenome survey of a multispecies and alga-associated biofilm revealed key elements of bacterial-algal interactions in photobioreactors. Resources: PG and DT. Mar. Filtered reads were then corrected using canu (v2.0, https://github.com/marbl/canu, Koren et al., 2017). 27, 722736. Bookshelf J Environ Chem Eng. The sequences of isolates obtained from N. oculata within Alphaproteobacteria were identified as genera Thalassospira, Albimonas, Litorimonas, Boseongicola, and Tropicibacter. In our experiments with crude oil, a large number of sequences were also detected within the Alcanivorax, which is the most ubiquitous oil-degrading genus in marine environments (Yakimov et al., 1998, 2007). The mutants that had a decreased degree of biofilm formation without noticeable growth defects were considered to be biofilm-deficient mutants (Fig. Lipid extracts obtained from 5 mg lyophilized cells were applied in each lane. Genera that can degrade aromatic hydrocarbons were identified in our enrichments as Polycyclovorans (class Gammaproteobacteria, family Xanthomonadales) and Arenibacter (class Bacteroidetes, family Flavobacteriaceae). Survival of A. borkumensis strains in carbon-free medium during starvation experiments. Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus gen. nov., sp. TLC analysis of lipid biosynthesis by A. borkumensis SK2, mutant 2 M131, and the constructed A. borkumensis ABO_1185Sm mutant. Oil pollution is an environmental problem of increasing importance. However, in Alcanivorax it is located in close vicinity to a dct operon presumably involved in uptake of dicarboxylates and is therefore likely to regulate its function. Fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed using a model 6850 GC (Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany) equipped with a BP21 capillary column (50 by 0.22 mm; film thickness, 250 nm [SGE, Darmstadt, Germany]) and a flame ionization detector (Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany). Growth of Dunaliella tertiolecta and associated bacteria in photobioreactors. Nature 551, 457463. Ex-situ Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons Using Alcanivorax Environ. Environ. SK2, A. borkumensis wild type; atfA1 atfA2, A. borkumensis atfA1Km atfA2Sm; atfA1, A. borkumensis atfA1Km; atfA2, A. borkumensis atfA2Sm; 2 M131, transposon-induced mutant. Analysis of Nanopore data showed that Shannon indices for both NO and PO were similar (3.72 and 3.45, respectively). doi: 10.2323/jgam.54.187, Pebesma, E. J., and Bivand, R. S. (2005). The obtained amplicons were pooled and purified using a QIAEX II DNA Extraction kit (Qiagen). The proportion of members of the phylum Planctomycetes decreased in both PO and NO samples. What is the Oilzapper? An oil-eating bacterium that can help clean up pollution and spills Microbiol. Gouesbet Scottish Association For Marine Science, United Kingdom, San Diego State University, United States. In other words, oil-eating bacteria, just because they are Gram-negative, can cause skin rashes. Several cross connections between different phenotypes (e.g. Alcanivorax articles - Encyclopedia of Life Methods 7, 335336. Values are means errors of results from triplicate determinations. Algiphilus aromaticivorans gen. nov., sp. Still, infections are not likely in healthy people. (2015). Additionally, cold-induced modifications also seem to take place at the level of translation. It is aerobic in nature, and seen commonly in a halophilic environment, most commonly in oceans and in the Mediterranean Sea. I need to know where to buy this bacterium. Bioinformatics 26, 24602461. The same tendency was observed for the atfA1 and atfA1 atfA2 mutants; their TAG contents increased from 0.6 to 3.4% and from 0.9 to 3.3% of the CDW, respectively. Front. Long chain (n-C37- C39) alkenones in the Prymnesiophyceae. Mutants that showed reduced fluorescence under UV light or that were in other aspects phenotypically different from the parental strain were analyzed for growth and the capacity to synthesize neutral lipids. S In the clean up of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, genetically modified microorganisms were used, but some scientists suspect they might have caused health issues for people in the affected areas. (2012). A. After 3 weeks of incubation, analysis of oil-spiked samples NO and PO demonstrated that the members of the Gammaproteobacteria increased sharply while Alphaproteobacteria decreased in both samples in comparison to the original (P and N) and the control (ECP and ECN) cultures (Figure 1B, Supplementary Table S2). Biol. government site. DO This textbook is designed specifically for Kansas State's Biology 198 Class. These results concur with previous studies that demonstrated the significant shift in bacterial community composition in seawater toward Alcanivorax and Marinobacter spp. Alcanivorax balearicus Rivas et al. 4, 173182. Look at the map. Distribution of alkenones and other lipids and their taxonomic significance. JS Moreover, within this class, the minority of sequences in the NO sample were affiliated to the genus Polycyclovorans which was not detected in the initial culture of N. oculata. biofilm and UV stress; biofilm and UV and osmoadaptation) on signal transduction level have been revealed, pointing at complex and tightly controlled cellular interactions involving oxygen as a primary messenger and cyclic-di-GMP as a secondary messenger required for Alcanivorax responses to environmental stresses. (, Reddy Microbiol. Don't these federal agencies talk amongst themselves -- or with others? Other genera, though less abundant, identified by both methods in the samples NO and PO are shown in Supplementary Table S4 in the Supplementary Material. The use of 10% (v/v) of inoculum concentration . Microbiol. seem to be early colonizers after an oil spill event, because after an initial rapid increase, populations of Alcanivorax spp. Extracted DNA samples were used to amplify the V4 region of 16S rRNA gene using fusion dual-barcoded primers (Fadrosh et al., 2014) with slight modifications: the rRNA-annealing part of the forward primer corresponded to F515 (5'-GTGCCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA-3'; Turner et al., 1999) and the reverse primer corresponded to R806 (5'-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3'; Caporaso et al., 2011). Adaptation to low-temperature conditions in A. borkumensis seems to proceed via various regulatory mechanisms and these regulatory systems are not overlapping with the ones of the other tested phenotypes, meaning that adaptation to low temperature proceeds via independent regulatory mechanisms. Samples were taken at the beginning of cultivation (time zero [T0]) and after 24 h (time point 1 [T1]), 48 h (T2), 120 h (T3), and 240 h (T4). M Genome Biol. Genome sequence of Arenibacter algicola strain TG409, a hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium associated with marine eukaryotic phytoplankton. Microbiol. Rev. Alcanivorax borkumensis is a marine bacteria that can absorb and digest linear and branched alkanes that are found in crude oil and its products (Rojo, 2009). Rate the pronunciation difficulty of Alcanivorax borkumensis. Dispersants are thought to be important in the creation of oil . 7, 14261441. Cultures were inoculated with a 1% (vol/vol) suspension of precultured cells in the exponential growth phase. Marine broth (ZM/10) supplemented with 1 ml L1 trace elements solution SL-10 (Widdel et al., 1983) and 10 ml L1 Kao and Michayluk vitamins solution (100x; Sigma-Aldrich) and Dansk crude oil (0.1%) were used to set-up enrichment cultures. An oil-eating bacterium that can clean up pollution and spills - Phys.org 1). Alcanivorax hongdengensis sp. She reported that "hundreds of dead fish" washed up on the same beach over the following two days. I have also heard from people who developed the same symptoms after contact with Gulf air by wiping an oily film off their airplane's leading edges after flying over the Gulf (absorbent pad tested positive for oil) or swimming in outdoor pools, or splashing in puddles, after it rained. Referring to Allen's case, she said, "I can say without hesitation that these skin rashes have nothing to do with scabies. FEMS Microbiol. In contrast, the amount of TAGs accumulated as well as their compositions were influenced, particularly if atfA1 was disrupted. Aguac. Microbial Consortiums of Putative Degraders of Low-Density Polyethylene-Associated Compounds in the Ocean. Conceptualization: TC, MY, DT, and PG. This bacteria is a type of extremophile and is halophilic meaning "salt loving" in greek. the grazing pressure on HCB with a positive or negative effect is recognized. This is like a major bacterial storm. German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH: Details - DSMZ 78, 628637. nov. and Haloferula sargassicola sp. Csonka The purified and pooled in equimolar proportion DNA was subjected to library construction by attachment of rapid 1D sequencing adapters provided in 16S Barcoding kit (Oxford Nanopore). TAGs were readily mobilized in this phase if the presence of ammonium in the medium allowed proliferation of cells. The pellets of A. borkumensis atfA1Km atfA2Sm and E. coli SM10 (pir)(pUTmini-Tn5Cm) cells were mixed at a ratio of 4:1 (vol/vol), and correspondent dilutions of this cell mixture were spotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane filter (diameter, 45 mm; pore size, 0.45 m [Millipore]), which was placed onto a cLB mating agar plate. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help (2008). 3, 471474. V Our results showed that microalgal bioreactor cultures of P. lutheri and N. oculata hosted diverse communities of microorganisms including specific groups (hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria and hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria) of organisms that are able to degrade hydrocarbons. Alcanivorax borkumensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new, hydrocarbon The idea was crazy but, in the context of the Gulf situation -- an outbreak of mysterious persistent rashes from southern Louisiana across to just north of Tampa, Florida, coincident with BP's oil and chemical release, it seemed suddenly worthy of investigating. Alcanivorax - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Optimization of Nannochloropsis oculata growth using the response surface method. Opin. The PCR products were gel purified and used for sequencing as described below. The plasmid was then digested with BamHI and HindIII and fused to the BamHI-HindIII-restricted mobilizable suicide plasmid pSUP202, yielding plasmid pSUP202::ABO_1185Sm. Alcanivorax - Wikipedia Alcanivorax borkumensis is a marine bacterium that uses exclusively petroleum oil hydrocarbons as sources of carbon and energy (and is therefore designated "hydrocarbonoclastic"). Alcanivorax borkumensis strain SK2 is a cosmopolitan hydrocarbonoclastic marine bacterium, with a specialized metabolism adapted to the degradation of petroleum oil hydrocarbons. One key regulatory element important for this organism's ability to adapt to low temperatures is the BipA regulator encoded by ABO_2269. However, the population of this species can dramatically increase after an oil spill, and it can become the most abundant microorganism in oil-polluted waters (20, 29, 43). doi: 10.1111/are.13715. Presence of previously undescribed bacterial taxa in non-axenic Chlorella cultures. GlnE is a regulatory protein that is involved in the regulation of glutamine synthetase activity (see the review in Merrick & Edwards, 1995). Its ubiquity, unusual physiology and demonstrated role in biodegradation show that it is globally important . This phenomenon is related to the depletion of saturated hydrocarbons, suggesting a specialization of Alcanivorax strains to degrade this class of compounds (21). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04251.x, Mounier, J., Camus, A., Mitteau, I., Vaysse, P. J., Goulas, P., Grimaud, R., et al. 79, 61966206. J. Environ. Bioremediation as a Tool for Resiliency in Oil Spills The cells were grown at 30C for 72h in 96-well microtiter plates, and the growth and biofilm formation were assessed as described in the Materials and methods section. These fatty acids were probably synthesized de novo from acetyl-CoA. A 2-l portion of the organic phase was analyzed after split injection (1:5); hydrogen (constant flow rate, 0.6 ml min1) was used as the carrier gas. 107, 785794. In contrast, TAG accumulation in cells of 2 M131 could not be detected by GC analysis with the methodology described, which was in concordance with the results obtained by TLC (Fig. Halloysite nanotubes - the nano-bio interface. 2022 BuzzFeed, Inc. All rights reserved. Perhaps. Lipid extracts were obtained from 3 mg freeze-dried cells and the corresponding amount of the supernatant. Evol. Scherer Yasuda Our analysis of the geographic distribution of sites of Alcanivorax and Marinobacter isolation (or their molecular detection) in relation to the distribution of microalgae Pavlova and Nannochloropsis (Figure 5) suggests Alcanivorax and Marinobacter spp. Inactivation of the cyoB gene has a negative impact on the activity of promoter P P450-3, but does not affect P fdx or . Only in the case of mutant 2 M131 could the presence of TAGs not be detected. Gerber Can bacteria combat oil spill disasters? -- ScienceDaily 10, 614625. Chromosomal DNA from Tn5-induced mutants and A. borkumensis strains was isolated as described previously (32). 393595 tax ID * [Ref. A Studies of the diversity of microalgae-associated bacterial communities have demonstrated that the composition of microbial communities varies between different phytoplankton hosts (Teeling et al., 2012; Goecke et al., 2013; Buchan et al., 2014; Krohn-Molt et al., 2017; Seymour et al., 2017). E.M.-P. is indebted to the National Council on Science and Technology (CONACyT, Mxico) and the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for doctoral scholarship awards. The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.572931/full#supplementary-material, Al-Awadhi, H., Al-Mailem, D., Dashti, N., Khanafer, M., and Radwan, S. (2012). The inoculum and hydrocarbons concentration have a remarkable effect on the biodegradation with the crude enzymes. Transposon mutagenesis was used for functional genome analysis of Alcanivorax SK2 to reveal the genetic basis of other environmentally relevant phenotypes, such as biofilm formation, adaptation to UV exposure, and to growth at either low temperature or high salinity. Moreover, since cytochrome c proteins participate in many bacterial processes, no direct correlation between the disruption of the ABO_1185 gene and the biosynthesis of TAGs in A. borkumensis SK2 could be established. 43, 479508. In the cases of isolates obtained from the enrichment of N. oculata, the number of strains belonging to Alpha- and Gamma-proteobacteria were almost equal (representing 32 and 44% of total isolates). CA Sci. 2003 Dec 19;106(2-3):215-20. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2003.07.013. Ex-situ biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons using Alcanivorax borkumensis enzymes. At various time points, serial dilutions of culture aliquots were plated onto ONR7a solid medium containing 1% (wt/vol) sodium pyruvate for enumeration of viable cells. Cycloclasticus pugetti gen. nov., sp. Fig.4B.4B. Hyphomonas beringensis sp. Chem. Regenhardt Department of Environmental Microbiology, HZI-Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany. How to say Alcanivorax borkumensis in English? In order to gain first insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying this organism's remarkable potential for adaptation to different environmental stress factors such as UV radiation, low temperature, osmotic up-shift, and its ability to shift from a planctonic state to sessile growth, a series of randomly induced mini-Tn5 mutants were analyzed with the aim to identify the genes/loci that contribute to this organism's environmental adaptability. Lane, D. J. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01483.x. It has been shown that as primary producers, microalgae allow bacteria to have access to substrates that are produced by algae such as oxygen, dissolved organic matter, and exopolymeric substances in exchange for macro- and micro-nutrients, such as vitamin B12, carbon dioxide, and iron (Fe-siderophore complexes), thereby supporting algal growth (Hulatt and Thomas, 2010; Cooper and Smith, 2015). The Glycine-Glucolipid of Alcanivorax borkumensis Is Resident to the Bacterial Cell Wall. The other group of isolates was affiliated with the phylum Bacteroidetes class Cytophagia. Fatty acids composition of 10 species of microalgae used in mariculture. strain G1 andRalstoniasp. There is no full clarity though on what, in the absence of petroleum, their natural niches are. Pilot-scale production and in-situ application of petroleum-degrading enzyme cocktail from Alcanivorax borkumensis. Uptake of iron appears to be an important requirement to enable A. borkumensis to protect itself from UV stress, which may be associated with an enhanced need for iron-containing heme, a major component of many electron transport systems that protect the cells against oxidative stress. Search and clustering orders of magnitude faster than BLAST. nov., a novel marine bacterium that obligately utilizes hydrocarbons. 16S/23S sequencing in Nucleic acid techniques in bacterial systematics. Figure 3. The TAG content was defined as the ratio of TAGs to the CDW, expressed as a percentage. It has been reported that Halomonas species can degrade aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons indicating their hydrocarbon-degrading potential (Pepi et al., 2005; Cui et al., 2008; Mnif et al., 2009). While the Illumina short reads offered the accuracy and depth of sequences, the length of the sequencing reads is considered as a limiting factor in the analysis of complex bacterial communities, particularly at the genus level (Shin et al., 2018). This work was supported by EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program Grant INMARE (Contract No. Another clue to the real cause of the mystery rash is its prevalence across the entire oil-impacted Gulf. The number of sequencing reads affiliated to genera Alcanivorax and Marinobacter (class Gammaproteobacteria) was the highest in both variants, NO and PO, regardless of the amplification and sequencing workflow. Biotechnol. P. lutheri culture without crude oil. PN Cells of the wild type SK2 mobilized approximately 87% (wt/wt) of the stored lipids after 240 h of cultivation, while cells of the atfA1, atfA2, and atfA1 atfA2 mutants mobilized about 93, 90, and 97% of their stored TAGs, respectively (Table (Table5).5). Additionally, lipids were extracted from cells at the same time points and subjected to TLC and GC analyses as described above. These analyses revealed disruption of a gene which encoded a putative cytochrome c family protein (ABO_1185) in the genome of A. borkumensis (39). Available at: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/OpenStreetMap/, Fuentes, J. L., Garbayo, I., Cuaresma, M., Montero, Z., Gonzalezdel-Valle, M., and Vichez, C. (2016). Bandow (A) TLC analysis of storage lipid accumulation in cells of A. borkumensis SK2 and of mutant 2 M131. (, Simm (, Ehling-Schulz Mutants were also analyzed for their lipid biosynthesis abilities as described in Materials and Methods. doi: 10.1080/00071618400650221, McGenity, T. J., Folwell, B. D., McKew, B. (Paris). Distribution and culturability of the uncultivated AGG58 cluster of the Bacteroidetes phylum in aquatic environments. Within Gammaproteobacteria all isolates belonging to the genus Marinobacter in both microalgae cultures showed up to 99.8% 16S rRNA sequence identity with M. algicola strain previously isolated from laboratory cultures of dinoflagellates G. catenatum and A. tamarense (Green et al., 2006). In contrast, with the exception of mutant 2 M191, which produced TAGs accounting for about 14% of the CDW under the tested conditions, all mutants yielding cell densities higher than 1.5 g/liter showed diminished abilities to accumulate TAGs. The library was screened for UV, biofilm-deficient, osmo-, and low-temperature-sensitive mutants. BJ nov., isolated from surface seawater of the Bering Sea and Chukcha Sea. TLC analysis of lipids accumulated in cells of A. borkumensis SK2 and mutant strains. From squiggle to basepair: computational approaches for improving nanopore sequencing read accuracy. Bang Amplification of PCR products was done using the 27F forward primer (5' AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG-3') and 1492R reverse primer (5'-TACGGYTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3') with barcodes supplied in the kit. Profiles of biomass production and fatty acid content and TLC analyses for the different A. borkumensis strains during cultivation with pyruvate as the sole carbon source. JB No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Skipp Marine microorganisms make a meal of oil. The current study aimed to use Alcanivorax borkumensis crude enzymes preparation as an agent for enhanced microbial hydrocarbons biodegradation in contaminated water and soil. Those studies have led to a discovery of several new genera and species of polyaromatic-degrading bacteria, e.g., Porticoccus hydrocarbonoclasticus, Polycyclovorans algicola, Algiphilus aromaticivorans, and Arenibacter algicola (Gutierrez et al., 2012a,b, 2013, 2014). This includes children, people with cystic fibrosis or asthma, and African Americans (who are prone to blood disorders), to name a few. are efficient degraders of branched alkanes such as pristane or phytane, compounds that are produced by marine zooplankton and may constitute an important resource for this group of bacteria (Hara et al., 2003). We detected the following bacterial phyla across all samples: Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Firmicutes, Deinococcus-Thermus, and Actinobacteria (Figure 1A, Supplementary Table S1). The downstream genes reading in the same direction were considered as potentially having polar effects. A grandmother made me rethink all the bio-remediation hype. Wu Y, Lai Q, Zhou Z, Qiao N, Liu C, Shao Z. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. The fraction of saturated fatty acids (represented by C14:0 and C18:0 in the case of A. borkumensis SK2 and C14:0 in the case of the atfA2 mutant) was mobilized earlier than the fraction of unsaturated fatty acids (e.g., C16:1 and C18:1). This finding makes it very likely that the cytochrome is somehow related to TAG metabolism. Arrows indicate genes interrupted by mini-Tn5 insertions. Biogeochem. It thrives in halophilic, aerobic environments and is found in the upper layers of freshwater or marine environments such as the Mediterranean Sea, Pacific Ocean and Arctic Sea [4, 8]. Before Front Microbiol. Because mutant A. borkumensis 2 M131 did not show significant differences in the accumulation of TAGs in comparison to the wild type when it was cultivated on alkanes such as hexadecane and octadecane, the results obtained in this study suggest that the transposon insertion in ABO_1185 has an effect on de novo fatty acid biosynthesis. These sequences were affiliated to several alkane-degrading species, Alcanivorax nanhaiticus 19-m-6 (99% sequence identity), Alcanivorax hongdengensis A-11-3 (99%), and Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2 (98%; Supplementary Table S5). FA, fatty acids. (2007). The Family Alcanivoraceae | SpringerLink Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation of phytoplankton-associated Arenibacter spp. Diagnostic PCR and DNA sequencing were employed to confirm the correct gene replacement in this mutant. One can only wonder about the rest of the ecosystem. Curr. PNAS 106, 1707117076. Appl. 79, 205214. 11:572931. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.572931. (B) After 72 h of cultivation, cells were harvested, washed, and lyophilized and the lipids were extracted with chloroform-methanol (2:1, vol/vol). MAR stands for multiple antibiotic resistance and is known to be a repressor of the mar operon (Seoane & Levy, 1995). How are oil spillages cleaned up? Explained by FAQ Blog To confirm that ABO_1185 plays a role in the accumulation of TAGs in A. borkumensis, an isogenic mutant was generated. M Samples of the two microalgal cultures (100 ml) were taken in sterile flasks, in duplicates. after addition of crude oil (Harayama et al., 1999; Kasai et al., 2002; Head et al., 2006; Cappello et al., 2007; McKew et al., 2007; Yakimov et al., 2007); however, those studies assessed changes in microbial composition in seawater or seawater and oxic sediments. Isolation and characterization of Halomonas sp. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the alkane hydroxylase gene regulation mechanism may be common among Actinobacteria and a model was proposed where AlkX controls alkW1 expression in a metabolitedependent manner. TNG BIU HIN GENE ALKB1, ALKB2 m ha ENZYME n ALKANE MONOOXYGENASE Biosyst. Romling Cells of A. borkumensis were cultivated in ONR7a medium containing 1% (wt/vol) sodium pyruvate as the sole carbon source at 30C for 72 h to allow for accumulation of storage lipids. M. hydrocarbonoclasticus VT8 and M. hydrocarbonoclasticus SP17 isolated from oil-contaminated marine environments can degrade a wide range of crude oil components and under different redox conditions (Gauthier et al., 1992; Huu et al., 1999). Genome sequence completed of Alcanivorax borkumensis, a hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium that plays a global role in oil removal from marine systems. Most cases lingered for months, as the rash did not respond well to antibiotics, steroid creams, or steroid shots. Microbiol. Golyshin PN, Martins Dos Santos VA, Kaiser O, Ferrer M, Sabirova YS, Lnsdorf H, Chernikova TN, Golyshina OV, Yakimov MM, Phler A, Timmis KN. Alcanivorax spp. C The cells were washed with 10 mM MgSO4, centrifuged again, and lyophilized.
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