ZUTo(,%4r`vK8aK> Below are the proper citations for this page according to four style manuals (in alphabetical order): the Modern Language Association Style Manual (MLA), the Chicago Manual of Style (Chicago), the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA), and Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (Turabian). In all places of internment exposed to air raids and other hazards of war, shelters adequate in number and structure to ensure the necessary protection shall be installed. P+2Cw>]kmKAEA(m'% ;U&`F4\=x)gdzRf]_OQXJK8/xGo#lK_k%= endobj In the absence of special agreements between Parties to the conflict regarding the conditions for the receipt and distribution of collective relief shipments, the regulations concerning collective relief which are annexed to the present Convention shall be applied. The High Contracting Parties undertake to enact any legislation necessary to provide effective penal sanctions for persons committing, or ordering to be committed, any of the grave breaches of the present Convention defined in the following Article. JavaScript Menu, DHTML Menu Powered By Milonic. 1949-08-12. Internees shall enjoy complete latitude in the exercise of their religious duties, including attendance at the services of their faith, on condition that they comply with the disciplinary routine prescribed by the detaining authorities. Women shall be especially protected against any attack on their honour, in particular against rape, enforced prostitution, or any form of indecent assault. To the fullest extent of the means available to it, the Occupying Power has the duty of ensuring the food and medical supplies of the population; it should, in particular, bring in the necessary foodstuffs, medical stores and other articles if the resources of the occupied territory are inadequate. In no case shall permanent places of internment be situated in unhealthy areas or in districts, the climate of which is injurious to the internees. <> The fact that sick or wounded members of the armed forces are nursed in these hospitals, or the presence of small arms and ammunition taken from such combatants which have not yet been handed to the proper service, shall not be considered to be acts harmful to the enemy. The principal actors Ben-Nun focuses upon include Georges Cahen-Salvador, a Frenchman and the Civilian Convention's chairman both in Stockholm in 1948 and Geneva in 1949, who had escaped with his family from a train bound for Auschwitz in occupied France to Switzerland in late 1943. No contract, agreement or regulation shall impair the right of any worker, whether voluntary or not and wherever he may be, to apply to the representatives of the Protecting Power in order to request the said Power's intervention. <> @W;,z>JC-XwC ! Subject to the provisions of the present Chapter, the laws in force in the territory in which they are detained will continue to apply to internees who commit offences during internment. endobj Any period allowed for appeal in the case of sentences involving the death penalty, or imprisonment of two years or more, shall not run until notification of judgement has been received by the Protecting Power. stream https://www.endtime.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Endtime-Small-Logo-Blue.png, Copyright 2022 All Rights Reserved Endtime Ministries | End Of The Age | Irvin Baxter -. . 18 0 obj Treaties / Agreements / Charters / Protocols / Conventions / Declarations: Citation / Document Symbol: 1125 UNTS 609: Reference: Entry into force: 7 December 1978: Other Languages . Internees shall retain their full civil capacity and shall exercise such attendant rights as may be compatible with their status. The Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, more commonly referred to as the Fourth Geneva Convention and abbreviated as GCIV, is one of the four treaties of the Geneva Conventions.It was adopted in August of 1950. It may not, in any case, change their personal status, nor enlist them in formations or organizations subordinate to it. endstream In 1864 the first convention was created and was put into place to protected the sick and the wounded on land The death penalty may not be pronounced on a protected person unless the attention of the court has been particularly called to the fact that since the accused is not a national of the Occupying Power, he is not bound to it by any duty of allegiance. <> Hospital and safety zones shall be strictly reserved for the persons mentioned in Article 23 of the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field of 12 August 1949, and in Article 14 of the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of 12 August 1949, and for the personnel entrusted with the organization and administration of these zones and localities, and with the care of the persons therein assembled. Internees in the territory of a Party to the conflict against whom penal proceedings are pending for offences not exclusively subject to disciplinary penalties, may be detained until the close of such proceedings and, if circumstances require, until the completion of the penalty. Members of Internee Committees shall be allowed to go to the railway stations or other points of arrival of relief supplies near their places of internment so as to enable them to verify the quantity as well as the quality of the goods received and to make out detailed reports thereon for the donors. xUM For this purpose, they shall have suitable warehouses at their disposal; each warehouse shall be provided with two locks, the Internee Committee holding the keys of one lock, and the commandant of the place of internment the keys of the other. If protected persons are of enemy nationality, they may only be compelled to do work which is normally necessary to ensure the feeding, sheltering, clothing, transport and health of human beings and which is not directly related to the conduct of military operations. 3114: 75 U.N.T.S. When an internee is awarded a further disciplinary punishment, a period of at least three days shall elapse between the execution of any two of the punishments, if the duration of one of these is ten days or more. Internees who have served disciplinary or judicial sentences shall not be treated differently from other internees. Every place of internment shall have an adequate infirmary, under the direction of a qualified doctor, where internees may have the attention they require, as well as appropriate diet. The same shall apply to internees who have been previously sentenced to a punishment depriving them of liberty. The convention defines the obligations of parties to a conflict (whether war were declared or not) or forces occupying enemy territory regarding the protection of non . There are four different conventions each containing an average of 107 articles. 31 0 obj Each Party to the conflict shall facilitate enquiries made by members of families dispersed owing to the war, with the object of renewing contact with one another and of meeting, if possible. At no time shall internees be left without identity documents. The appointment of such delegates shall be submitted to the approval of the Power governing the territories where they will carry out their duties. Each of the High Contracting Parties shall be at liberty to denounce the present Convention. Accused persons shall, unless they freely waive such assistance, be aided by an interpreter, both during preliminary investigation and during the hearing in court. endstream The working conditions and the scale of compensation for occupational accidents and diseases to internees, thus detailed, shall not be inferior to those applicable to work of the same nature in the same district. It has been ratified by 194 countries. Particulars of their parents or other near relatives should always be recorded if available. GC IV was a belated addition to the IHL/LOAC framework. The present agreement shall also apply to localities which the Powers may utilize for the same purposes as hospital and safety zones. Internees may keep on their persons a certain amount of money, in cash or in the shape of purchase coupons, to enable them to make purchases. The Parties to the conflict shall, in so far as military considerations permit, take the necessary steps to make the distinctive emblems indicating civilian hospitals clearly visible to the enemy land, air and naval forces in order to obviate the possibility of any hostile action. Wages for work done shall be determined on an equitable basis by special agreements between the internees, the Detaining Power, and, if the case arises, employers other than the Detaining Power to provide for free maintenance of internees and for the medical attention which their state of health may require. Detailed receipts shall be given therefor. Medical personnel of all categories shall be allowed to carry out their duties. 40 0 obj endstream <> Protected persons made subject to assigned residence and thus required to leave their homes shall enjoy the full benefit of Article 39 of the present Convention. stream An impartial humanitarian body, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, may offer its services to the Parties to the conflict. Every internee shall be allowed to receive visitors, especially near relatives, at regular intervals and as frequently as possible. They may draw from their accounts the amounts necessary for their personal expenses, within the limits fixed by the Detaining Power. x3R235W(r Other Powers which are Parties to the present Convention shall bear the cost of transport in their respective territories. endobj Protected persons who have been accused of offences or convicted by the courts in occupied territory, shall be handed over at the close of occupation, with the relevant records, to the authorities of the liberated territory. endobj 19 0 obj How did the world - against seemingly insurmountable odds . In the event of transfer, internees shall be officially advised of their departure and of their new postal address. stream The Detaining Power shall take entire responsibility for all working conditions, for medical attention, for the payment of wages, and for ensuring that all employed internees receive compensation for occupational accidents and diseases. 12 0 obj The Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies. If the property of an internee is so withheld, the owner shall receive a detailed receipt. The Detaining Power need not pay the cost of repatriation of an internee who was interned at his own request. UST citation: UN TS citation "Geneva I" Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field: Aug. 12, 1949: 6 U.S.T. Information Bureaux shall transmit information concerning a protected person unless its transmission might be detrimental to the person concerned or to his or her relatives. In witness whereof the undersigned, having deposited their respective full powers, have signed the present Convention. endstream In no case shall persons condemned to death be deprived of the right of petition for pardon or reprieve. The same principles shall apply to the activities and personnel of special organizations of a non-military character, which already exist or which may be established, for the purpose of ensuring the living conditions of the civilian population by the maintenance of the essential public utility services, by the distribution of relief and by the organization of rescues. Such evacuations may not involve the displacement of protected persons outside the bounds of the occupied territory except when for material reasons it is impossible to avoid such displacement. This post considers the 1949 Geneva Convention on the protection of civilians (GC IV) applicable in international armed conflict (IAC)in full awareness of the fact that civilian protection in non-international armed conflict (NIAC) is an even greater conundrum. The Detaining Power shall not set up places of internment in areas particularly exposed to the dangers of war. The provisions of Articles 71 to 76 inclusive shall apply, by analogy, to proceedings against internees who are in the national territory of the Detaining Power. they shall, if their state of health so requires, receive medical attention and hospital treatment to the same extent as the nationals of the State concerned. !) endobj Whenever in the present Convention mention is made of a Protecting Power, such mention applies to substitute organizations in the sense of the present Article. xUM endobj When taken into custody, internees shall be given all facilities to provide themselves with the necessary clothing, footwear and change of underwear, and later on, to procure further supplies if required. The Parties to the conflict shall ensure that the competent authorities exercise leniency in deciding whether punishment inflicted for an offence shall be of a disciplinary or judicial nature, especially in respect of acts committed in connection with an escape, whether successful or not. The use of tobacco shall be permitted. The present Convention shall be applied with the cooperation and under the scrutiny of the Protecting Powers whose duty it is to safeguard the interests of the Parties to the conflict. x3R235W(r @W;]U-Xz;{PBH!1Pb"9i4b+%No6JB Here are the proper bibliographic citations for this page according to four style manuals (in alphabetical order): [Editor's Note: The APA citation style requires double spacing within entries. Reprisals against protected persons and their property are prohibited. P+2Cw>]kmKAEA(m'% ;U&`F4\=x)gdzRf]+DT~xf#lK_k Such forms and questionnaires, duly completed, shall be forwarded to the donors without delay. endstream Should such ministers be too few in number, the Detaining Power shall provide them with the necessary facilities, including means of transport, for moving from one place to another, and they shall be authorized to visit any internees who are in hospital. The staff in control of internees shall be instructed in the provisions of the present Convention and of the administrative measures adopted to ensure its application. In adopting measures of health and hygiene and in their implementation, the Occupying Power shall take into consideration the moral and ethical susceptibilities of the population of the occupied territory. The Occupying Power may not requisition foodstuffs, articles or medical occupation forces and administration personnel, and then only if the requirements of the civilian population have been taken into account. All possible facilities shall be granted to internees to continue their studies or to take up new subjects. While the first three conventions dealt with combatants, the Fourth Geneva Convention was the first to deal with humanitarian protections . The Geneva Conventions are several articles that state acts that are illegal during times of armed conflict. It shall take all practicable measures to ensure the exercice thereof, in particular by providing suitable premises. In view of the dangers to which hospitals may be exposed by being close to military objectives, it is recommended that such hospitals be situated as far as possible from such objectives. endobj <> <> Accessed October 27, 2022. https://israelipalestinian.procon.org/background-resources/fourth-geneva-convention-article-49/, Top 10 Pro & Con Perspectives on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. endstream 23 0 obj It was signed on 12 August 1949. Such allowances may take the form of credits or purchase coupons. Date. The Fourth Convention, as well as other treaties, principally deal with individuals in their own countries. Internees so elected shall enter upon their duties after their election has been approved by the detaining authorities. endobj The examination of consignments intended for internees shall not be carried out under conditions that will expose the goods contained in them to deterioration. If new hospitals are set up in occupied territory and if the competent organs of the occupied State are not operating there, the occupying authorities shall, if necessary, grant them the recognition provided for in Article 18. endobj The information in respect of each person shall include at least his surname, first names, place and date of birth, nationality last residence and distinguishing characteristics, the first name of the father and the maiden name of the mother, the date, place and nature of the action taken with regard to the individual, the address at which correspondence may be sent to him and the name and address of the person to be informed. Geneva Conventions 2 links. 4 0 obj Recaptured internees shall be handed over to the competent authorities as soon as possible. Managing Editor stream No internee may be punished more than once for the same act, or on the same count. Any prohibition of correspondence ordered by the Parties to the conflict either for military or political reasons, shall be only temporary and its duration shall be as short as possible. Geneva Conventions, a series of international treaties concluded in Geneva between 1864 and 1949 for the purpose of ameliorating the effects of war on soldiers and civilians. Other relief societies shall be permitted to continue their humanitarian activities under similar conditions; the Occupying Power may not require any changes in the personnel or structure of these societies, which would prejudice the aforesaid activities. The Detaining Power shall not employ internees as workers, unless they so desire. The Protecting Power shall, at any time, be at liberty to verify the state of the food and medical supplies in occupied territories, except where temporary restrictions are made necessary by imperative military requirements. Thereafter, it shall come into force for each High Contracting Party six months after the deposit of the instrument of ratification. The Occupying Power shall facilitate the rapid distribution of these consignments. It was signed on 12 December 1977. The Party to the conflict in whose hands protected persons may be, is responsible for the treatment accorded to them by its agents, irrespective of any individual responsibility which may be incurred. xUM In case the internees decide, in particular, to organize a system of mutual assistance amongst themselves, this organization would be within the competence of the Committees in addition to the special duties entrusted to them under other provisions of the present Convention. A statement of accounts shall be furnished to the Protecting Power, on request, and shall accompany the internee in case of transfer. The clothing supplied by the Detaining Power to internees and the outward markings placed on their own clothes shall not be ignominious nor expose them to ridicule. Every place of internment shall be put under the authority of a responsible officer, chosen from the regular military forces or the regular civil administration of the Detaining Power. Nor shall such agreements restrict the right of representatives of the Protecting Powers, the International Committee of the Red Cross, or any other organization giving assistance to internees and responsible for the forwarding of collective shipments, to supervise their distribution to the recipients. Removing completely. The Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, commonly referred to as the Fourth Geneva Convention and abbreviated as GCIV, is one of the four treaties of the Geneva Conventions. In the case of armed conflict not of an international character occurring in the territory of one of the High Contracting Parties, each Party to the conflict shall be bound to apply, as a minimum, the following provisions: Persons taking no active part in the hostilities, including members of armed forces who have laid down their arms and those placed hors de combat by sickness, wounds, detention, or any other cause, shall in all circumstances be treated humanely, without any adverse distinction founded on race, colour, religion or faith, sex, birth or wealth, or any other similar criteria. GENEVA CONVENTION RELATIVE TO THE PROTECTION OF CIVILIAN PERSONS IN TIME OF WAR OF 12 AUGUST 1949 PART I GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 1. The undersigned Plenipotentiaries of the Governments represented at the Diplomatic Conference held at Geneva from April 21 to August 12, 1949, for the purpose of establishing a Convention for the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, have agreed as follows: Part I. The wounded and sick shall be collected and cared for. <> The Detaining Power shall supply internees during transfer with drinking water and food sufficient in quantity, quality and variety to maintain them in good health, and also with the necessary clothing, adequate shelter and the necessary medical attention. The notification to the Protecting Power, as provided for in the second paragraph above, shall be sent immediately, and shall in any case reach the Protecting Power three weeks before the date of the first hearing. The High Contracting Parties shall communicate to one another through the Swiss Federal Council and, during hostilities, through the Protecting Powers, the official translations of the present Convention, as well as the laws and regulations which they may adopt to ensure the application thereof. <> Internees who aid and abet an escape or attempt to escape, shall be liable on this count to disciplinary punishment only. Szerezze meg a knyv nyomtatott vltozatt! Those persons permitted to leave may provide themselves with the necessary funds for their journey and take with them a reasonable amount of their effects and articles of personal use. Internees shall be given opportunities for physical exercise, sports and outdoor games. Restrictive measures affecting their property shall be cancelled, in accordance with the law of the Detaining Power, as soon as possible after the close of hostilities. The Detaining Power shall encourage intellectual, educational and recreational pursuits, sports and games amongst internees, whilst leaving them free to take part in them or not. <> These provisions constitute no obstacle to the right of the Detaining Power to employ interned doctors, dentists and other medical personnel in their professional capacity on behalf of their fellow internees, or to employ internees for administrative and maintenance work in places of internment and to detail such persons for work in the kitchens or for other domestic tasks, or to require such persons to undertake duties connected with the protection of internees against aerial bombardment or other war risks. Hospital and safety zones shall be subject to the following obligations: the lines of communication and means of transport which they possess shall not be used for the transport of military personnel or material, even in transit. Any Power setting up one or more hospital and safety zones, and the adverse Parties to whom their existence has been notified, shall nominate or have nominated by the Protecting Powers or by other neutral Powers, persons eligible to be members of the Special Commissions mentioned in Articles 8 and 9. Protected persons may in any case receive allowances from their home country, the Protecting Power, or the relief societies referred to in Article 30. The original shall be deposited in the Archives of the Swiss Confederation. <> Article 154 of the Fourth Convention stipulates that its provisions do not replace the Regulations but rather are supplementary to the latter's Sections II and III. 15 0 obj States which are Parties to a conflict shall provide all civilian hospitals with certificates showing that they are civilian hospitals and that the buildings which they occupy are not used for any purpose which would deprive these hospitals of protection in accordance with Article 19. The High Contracting Parties, and in particular those whose nationals benefit by the services of the Central Agency, are requested to give the said Agency the financial aid it may require. In applying the provisions of Article 39, second paragraph, to the cases of persons required to leave their usual places of residence by virtue of a decision placing them in assigned residence, by virtue of a decision placing them in assigned residence, elsewhere, the Detaining Power shall be guided as closely as possible by the standards of welfare set forth in Part III, Section IV of this Convention. In all cases the Detaining Powers shall facilitate the execution and authentication in due legal form of such documents on behalf of internees, in particular by allowing them to consult a lawyer. Acts which constitute offences against discipline shall be investigated immediately. In any case, the death penalty may not be pronounced on a protected person who was under eighteen years of age at the time of the offence. To this end the following acts are and shall remain prohibited at any time and in any place whatsoever with respect to the above-mentioned persons: violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds, mutilation, cruel treatment and torture; outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment; the passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without previous judgment pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples. The first Geneva Convention protects wounded and sick soldiers on land during war. The Internee Committees shall further the physical, spiritual and intellectual well-being of the internees. If internees are transferred in accordance with Article 45, the transferring and receiving Powers shall agree on the portion of the above costs to be borne by each. They shall at all times be humanely treated, and shall be protected especially against all acts of violence or threats thereof and against insults and public curiosity. If general laws, regulations or orders declare acts committed by internees to be punishable, whereas the same acts are not punishable when committed by persons who are not internees, such acts shall entail disciplinary punishments only. Medical relief supplies shall, as a rule, be sent in collective parcels. A special section of the Bureau set up in accordance with Article 136 shall be responsible for taking all necessary steps to identify children whose identity is in doubt. Nevertheless, the Occupying Power may undertake total or partial . Showers or baths shall also be available. Qw3T0430PISp *T0PR0T(Y@@QC"1Q\. #|@@z Courts of appeal shall preferably sit in the occupied country. Internees who are recaptured after having escaped or when attempting to escape, shall be liable only to disciplinary punishment in respect of this act, even if it is a repeated offence. While the first three conventions dealt with combatants, the Fourth Geneva Convention was the first to . 8 0 obj They shall also be granted the full rights and privileges of a protected person under the present Convention at the earliest date consistent with security of State or Occupying Power as case may be. Such consignments shall be exempt in occupied territory from all charges, taxes or customs duties unless these are necessary in the interests of the economy of the territory. It was signed on 12 August 1949. The Convention shall also apply to all cases of partial or total occupation of the territory of a High Contracting Party, even if the said occupation meets with no armed resistance. In the territory of Parties to the conflict, the application of the present Convention shall cease on the general close of military operations. endobj <> This bibliography was generated on Cite This For Me on Thursday, December 10, 2015.
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