United Nations Environment Programme, Governing Council decision 10/21 of 31 May 1982 (Protection of the ozone layer) (A/37/25, May 1982) No good news, no candy. Martin Sirois, OEWG Co-Chair, offersco-facilitators sweet treats if they report good news out of their contact groups. The final fifth draft of the convention was subsequently submitted to the Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Protection of the Ozone Layer (see Report of the Ad Hoc Working Group, UNEP/IG.53/3) which was held at Vienna from 18 to 22 March 1985. The convention came into force in the year 1988. The World Banks strategy for HCFC phase-out focuses on maximizing environmental benefits by better reflecting the convergence of the ozone and climate agendas in project activities. The policy briefs are being published by IISD in the lead-up to Stockholm+50. 36). After the Montreal Protocol was signed, new data showed worse-than-expected damage to the ozone layer. A formal amendment is required to add new chemicals to the list of controlled substances. I congratulate the Parties for everything they have achieved so far. As per the Convention's provisions, countries agreed to adopt the Montreal Protocol to further the goals of the Vienna Convention. Malaysia, recognizing the importance of the Conference . A protocol, on the other hand, contains specific aims or legal obligations agreed upon by the members who gather in a convention or conference. The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer is a multilateral environmental agreement signed in 1985 that provided frameworks for international reductions in the production of chlorofluorocarbons due to their contribution to the destruction of the ozone layer, resulting in an increased threat of skin cancer. Convention Finland declares that it accepts both of the said means of dispute settlement as compulsory." HOLY SEE "In acceding to the Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, as well as its four Amendments: London (1990), Copenhagen (1992), United Nations Environment Programme, Governing Council decision 13/18 of 24 May 1985 (Environmental Law) (A/40/25, May 1985), The Convention entered into force on 22 September 1988. [Read more], 10 January 2007 The draft convention was first presented to the international community that year. The Vienna Convention was then strengthened with the Montreal Protocol that called for strict measures aimed at controlling the global production and consumption of substances that deplete the protective layer of ozone. This meeting provided the opportunity for Member States and other stakeholders to state their views on what the future science-policy panel to contribute further to the sound management of chemicals and waste and to prevent pollution should look like. Subscriptions to the Montreal Protocol (adopted in 1987) on substances that deplete the ozone layer. Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, which was adopted in 1987 Didier Coulomb, International Institute of Refrigeration, Megumi Seki, Executive Secretary, Ozone Secretariat,Osvaldo lvarez-Prez, OEWG Co-Chair, Hassan Mubarak, MOP 34 President, Bahrain, Martin Sirois, OEWG Co-Chair, Gilbert Bankobeza, Ozone Secretariat. The Vienna Convention was a framework agree-ment that supported research, exchange of information, On 16th September 2009, the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol became the first treaties in the history of the United Nations to achieve universal ratification.The Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer reached agreement at their 28th Meeting of the Parties on 15 October 2016 in Kigali, Rwanda to . United Nations Environment Programme, Report of the Ad-Hoc Working Group of Legal and Technical Experts for the Elaboration of a Global Framework Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Vienna, 1822 March 1985 (UNEP/IG.53/4, 28 January 1985) Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer In 1981, UNEP acted on a proposal to develop a global convention on the ozone layer. On 13 January 1982, the Secretariat of the United Nations Environment Programme issued a paper for the Ad Hoc Working Group (UNEP/WG.69/8) entitled Some observations on the preparation of a global framework convention for the protection of the stratospheric ozone layer. In this paper, reference was made inter alia to relevant recommendations and input of the Ad Hoc Meeting of Senior Government Officials Expert in Environmental Law (held in Montevideo, 28 October to 6 November 1981) (UNEP/WG.69/8, paras. 1 0 obj <> endobj 5 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Fields[]>> endobj 2 0 obj <>stream Goal 1 - End poverty in all its forms everywhere: The Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol provides . The landmark agreement was signed in 1987 and entered into force in 1989. Parties established an Implementation Committee to review annual reports from parties and developed a suite of measures that could be used in case of noncompliance, including technical assistance to enable the country to comply. This precedent has been widely followed in other environmental agreements, such as the UNECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution and its Protocols, the UN ECE arhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, and the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It also created a framework for the development of protocols for taking more binding action. Jacobson, eds, MIT Press, 1998). However, they do seek to phase out chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons, an important group of greenhouse gases. ; Research in 1970s showed that man-made CFCs (stable molecules composed of Chlorine, Fluorine, and Carbon used in appliances like refrigerators) were harming the Ozone Layer. We can save the climate., The Still Only One Earth series is beingpublished by IISD in the lead-up to the 50th anniversary of the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm+50). In the adjustment process, parties may adjust the targets and timetables for phasing out chemicals that are already listed without having to go through a formal amendment process. Adjustments become effective six months after parties receive formal notice and bind all countries party to the Protocol. The Ad Hoc Working Group met between 1982 and 1985 and issued several reports on its work (UNEP/WG.69/10; UNEP/WG.78/8; UNEP/WG.78/13; UNEP/WG/94/3; UNEP/WG.94/5; UNEP/WG.94/10; UNEP/WG.110/4; and UNEP/IG.53/4). Article 2 of the Montreal Protocol The parties to the Vienna Convention meet once every three years, back to back with the parties to the Montreal Protocol, in order to make decisions to administer the Convention. In Switzerland, the Vienna Convention has been in force since 22 September 1988. hUk5mi\*vG!=~rY hM+!. uie(|`c"JaGm=AmE.Don/LJ k The original Montreal Protocol was . It has also generated climate benefits as some of these substances are greenhouse gases, too. The City Energy Efficient Transformation Initiative, a three-year initiative of the World Bank, seeks to help urban leaders integrate energy efficiency into the core of city planning and makes available assistance to design targeted interventions in buildings and city areas. Copyright United Nations, 2022. 2. The last has been dropped from the agenda. During the negotiations, countries were concerned that these provisions might violate the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). To assuage such concerns, Article 4(8) permits trade with countries who are not parties but comply with the Protocol, although this requires a decision of the parties that the nonparty is in compliance. Accession of Jamaica to the amendments to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1997 and 1999, United Nations Headquarters, The draft protocol was further revised in the following sessions of the Ad Hoc Working Group (UNEP/WG.94/12, WG.110/CRP.1 and UNEP/IG.53/4, Annex III). Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. The main objective of the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol is Protection of the ozone layer Vienna Convention: Vienna convention was signed in the year 1985 after the role of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) was confirmed in depletion of the Ozone layer. The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. Apart from creating essential Vitamin D for living organisms it also creates harmful effects on them. At its ninth session, the Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Programme adopted decision 9/13B of 26 May 1981 by which, recognizing the desirability of initiating work aimed at the elaboration of a global framework convention which would cover monitoring, scientific research and the development of best available and economically feasible technologies to limit and gradually reduce emissions of ozone-depleting substances, as well as the development of appropriate strategies and policies, it decided to initiate work aimed at the elaboration of such a convention. [Read more]. {o{%%qMADaU/Enbx;kur3-[?xdfuv}WOO>U_~hT{xjl5o[fu%FK5Wk>rhzj\-5m?VZ]GhNuc7x]*YuZHd.5HV\rwH @VmhA=BVme(`YSz.M/jgxFTmWv&l5C.3T6k(zzin"a/'Xh{) YVn['hYnH>_G\AG?U`olfT;h{{m\-.alqu%UfN}o,4a T%BiLFswj@Vl\XV-h9!uGB}`aX**"sFCnH;:07l]uLYliT;9th%\TLlZ[)zU=/F'hH/g~*oPc:KRB}wx]v[&q2]%P This website is supported by and contributing to the InforMEA Project which is funded by the European Union Vienna Convention and The Montreal Protocol Unlike other environmental issues of earlier decades, the idea that the protective ozone layer was rapidly depleting caused something close to a global mass panic. The Protocol makes special provisions for certain countries. The goal is to better integrate HCFC phase-out work in Bank-financed energy efficiency programs while increasing demand for non-HCFC equipment and informing users on the possible climate impact of alternative technologies. Range - UV radiations ranging from 100 nm to 315 nm are classified into UV-A, UV-B, UV-C based on their wavelengths. The SDG Update compiles the news, commentary and upcoming events that are published on the SDG Knowledge Hub each day, delivering information on the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development to your inbox. However, problems have arisen in implementing the Protocol, especially in the illegal trade in controlled substances, in the management of the large stockpiles of controlled substances, and in the elimination of certain substances, such as methyl bromide, carbon tetrachloride, and the HCFCs. India specific trivia: India became a Party to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of Ozone Layer on 19 June 1991 and the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer on 17 September 1992. United Nations Environment Programme, Second revised Draft Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, With Additional Commentary (UNEP/WG.94/3, 30 July 1983) United Nations Environment Programme, Revised draft Protocol Concerning Measures to Control, Limit and Reduce the Emissions of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (UNEP/WG.94/12, 13 February 1984) The United States is also a party to the Montreal Protocol, which builds on the Vienna Convention with specific targets and timetables to phase down and phase out the production and consumption of certain industrially manufactured substances that impact stratospheric ozone. Climate gains are achieved by using substances with lower or no global warming potential and, large energy efficiency improvements can be achieved through certain technology upgrades. The 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and its succeeding amendments were subsequently negotiated to control the consumption and production of anthropogenic ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and some hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Many agreed it should be lean, flexible, and policy-relevant, not policy prescriptive. Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: (254-2)62-1234 or 62-3851 Fax: (254-2)62-3601 or 62-3913 . Optical Illusion for Testing Your IQ: Can you find the Hidden Treasure under sea in 7 Secs? The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer as either adjusted and/or amended in London 1990 Copenhagen 1992 Vienna 1995 Montreal 1997 Beijing 1999 . Delegates convene in plenary before heading back to contact groups to try to finish negotiations. The Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol. The ozone layer protects the earth against excessive ultraviolet radiation, which could cause damage and mutations in human, plant, and animal cells. The public's attention was quickly captured in a way never before seen when it came to environmental issues. During the Vienna Convention negotiations, countries discussed a possible protocol that would provide specific targets for certain chemicals, but no consensus was reached. The UNEP regional seas agreements had provided a precedent in which States negotiated a framework convention and at least one protocol, which countries were required to ratify at the time they joined the convention. The Vienna Convention went forward on its own, however, and was opened for signature in March, 1985. The ozone agreements are remarkable, in that they are the first to address a long-term problem in which the cause of the damage occurs today, but the effects are not evident for decades hence. Decisions were taken on the basis of probabilities, since damage had not yet occurred. Since scientific understanding of the problem would change, the agreements needed to be flexible and capable of being adapted to accommodate new scientific assessments. United Nations Environment Programme, Draft Annex Concerning Measures to Control, Limit and Reduce the Use and Emissions of Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, submitted by Finland, Norway and Sweden (UNEP/WG.94/4, 3 August 1983) Since then, it has undergone seven revisions, in 1990 (London), 1991 (Nairobi), 1992 (Copenhagen), 1993 (Bangkok), 1995 (Vienna), 1997 (Montreal), and 1999 (Beijing). The Montreal Protocol has been recognized as the most . United Nations Environment Programme, Revised draft Protocol on Chlorofluorocarbons, submitted by Canada, Norway, Sweden and the United States of America (WG.110/CRP.1, 22 October 1984) For the current participation status of the Convention, as well as information and relevant texts of related treaty actions, such as reservations, declarations, objections, denunciations and notifications, see: It also highlights lessons for addressing climate change. In Montreal Protocol discuss the issue at the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. Delegates pose for a group photo on the dais. United Nations Environment Programme, Draft International Convention for the Protection of the Stratospheric Ozone Layer, submitted by Finland and Sweden (UNEP/WG.69/3, 1 January 1982) application/pdf (n=A[G. At these sessions, the Ad Hoc Working Group considered three revised texts of the draft convention (UNEP/WG.94/3; UNEP/WG.94/8; UNEP/WG.94/11). . 2015-03-13T14:35:38-04:00 The briefs assess successes and shortcomings of five decades of global environmental policy. The treaty was opened for signature on September 16, 1987, and entered into force on January 1, 1989, followed by a first meeting in Helsinki, May 1989. !&YQ& | YR5-ZB]#H ;Kw|Aw@zGeZGD1s,!AV Due to its widespread adoption and implementation it has been hailed as an example of exceptional international co-operation, with Kofi Annan quoted as saying that "perhaps the single most successful international agreement to date has been the Montreal Protocol". 9, 36, and 42), including a draft International Convention for the Protection of the Stratospheric Ozone Layer (UNEP/WG.69/3). To make the Protocol effective, countries prohibited exports and imports of controlled substances with countries not party to the Protocol. In a second stage, the trade ban would extend to products containing a controlled substance, and in a third stage to products produced with the substances. The Vienna Convention didn't require participating . The Convention and its Montreal Protocol (adopted in 1987) helped the world to phase-out of nearly 100 ozone-depleting substances. Can you spot the chinchilla in this smart living room? The brief explains thatthe Montreal Protocol shows what is possible when science, diplomacy, and business cooperate to implement international environmental agreements. With 197 parties, they are the first and only global environmental treaties to achieve universal ratification. The scientists found that the chlorofluorocarbon gases (CFCs), which were widely used and viewed as posing no harm, could migrate to the stratosphere, remain intact for decades to centuries, and by releasing chlorine, break down the ozone layer. The formula of targets and timetables has been subsequently employed in other international agreements controlling air pollutants and in the Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. The objective of the Montreal Protocol of 1987 is to repair the ozone layer through worldwide reduction and ultimately elimination of ozone depleting substances. 3, 8, 15 and 33) as well as to the documents submitted by the delegations of Finland, Sweden, Switzerland and Norway (UNEP/WG.69/8, paras. Anticipating changes in scientific knowledge about the ozone layer and emergence of new problems in implementing the Protocol, negotiators included several provisions to provide flexibility. The first is for Technology and Economic Assessment Panels, which provide regular expert assessments. The second is for differentiated procedures for altering the obligations to control substances: namely by adjustments and by amendments. The Protocol aims to reduce and eventually eliminate the emissions of man-made ozone depleting substances. The two ozone treaties have been ratified by 197 states and the European Union making them the most widely ratified treaties in United Nations history. The Vienna Convention and its Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer are now acknowledged as outstanding successes and as examples to be followed for the solution of global environmental problems through global cooperation and partnership. Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. One of the most significant innovations of the Protocol is the process established to address problems of noncompliance. It does not, however, require countries to take control actions to protect the ozone layer. The 1961 Vienna Convention states that if diplomatic relations are broken off between two States, or if a mission is permanently or temporarily recalled, the sending State may entrust the . The signing . For example, Rio Convention. Selected preparatory documents Since 2010, the agenda of the Protocol has focused on the phase-out of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), an ozone-depleting substance mainly used in cooling and refrigeration applications, and in the manufacture of foam products. The Montreal Protocol has, contributed to a significant drop in total global production and consumption of ozone depleting substances used in agricultural, consumer and industrial sectors around the world. This was not intended for transfers between developed and developing countries. This precedent has been used frequently since then, as in the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity. A State must be party to the Vienna Convention in order to become a party to the Montreal Protocol. The Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol established the precedent in UNEP for completing a framework agreement, followed later by one or more Protocols. Countries must report annually on their consumption of the controlled chemicals. All Rights Reserved. The Protocol aims at amending the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage in order to provide for broader scope, increased amount of liability of the operator of a nuclear installation and enhanced means for securing adequate and equitable compensation. The most recent of these science-based updates is the Kigali Amendment, which addresses hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). In 1974 scientists published their first scientific hypotheses that chemicals we produced could harm the stratospheric ozone layer. A convention is a meeting or gathering to formulate or deliberate on a generally accepted principle, framework in which the parties decide the basic guidelines. Usually . It has already delivered on many areas of the Sustainable Development Goals, from life on land and below water, to reducing hunger, to human health and well-being. Can You? Diego Montes Ferro, Colombia, and Alain Wilmart, Belgium, Philippe Chemouny and Nicole Folliet, Canada, Martin Alex Bjrnholst and Sandi Muncrief, Denmark, Megsumi Seki, Executive Secretary, Ozone Secretariat, Gilbert Bankobeza, Ozone Secretariat, and Osvaldo Alvarez-Perez, OEWG Co-Chair, Martin Sirois, OEWG Co-Chair (bottom right) signals his gratitude as parties thank him for his service to the ozone family., Virginia Wiseman and Jessica Templeton, Earth Negotiations Bulletin. United Nations Environment Programme, Revised draft Protocol Concerning Measures to Control, Limit, and Reduce the Emission of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (UNEP/WG.94/9, 14 November 1983) Even as delegations lauded the achievements of the Montreal Protocol and described domestic initiatives to implement the Kigali Amendment, the sparsely populated plenary room during Friday mornings session was a clear sign that much behind-the-scenes work remained for the final day of the 34th Meeting of the Parties (MOP 34). The Montreal Protocol was the treaty that was signed and ratified under Vienna Convention for the same purpose. 9 and 41). The Earth Negotiations Bulletin summary and analysis of Montreal Protocol MOP 34 . Accession of Singapore to the amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1999, No single country or group of countries could address the problem of ozone depletion alone, so maximum international cooperation was needed. The Ad Hoc Working Group, which met in Stockholm from 20 to 28 January 1982, had before it the draft text of the global framework convention. The newly announced Low-Carbon Livable Cities (LC2) Initiative will support efforts to plan and finance low-carbon, climate-smart development in 300 of the largest developing country cities around the world over a four-year period. The brief reviews the steps taken to heal the ozone layer through two intergovernmental agreements - the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer - and what else must be done. This was a critical decision for the effectiveness of the Protocol, because it meant that parties could not agree to add certain chemicals, but not accept the new funding mechanism for developing countries, or vice versa. In the 1992 Copenhagen Amendments, parties made the Interim Multilateral Fund permanent and put additional chemicals under control, including methyl bromide and the HCFCs. The 1997 Montreal Amendment obligated countries to establish and implement a licensing system for the import and export of new, used, recycled and reclaimed controlled substances, and to control trade in the banned substances by parties not in compliance with the Protocol. The 1999 Beijing Amendment provided for a basic domestic needs exception for certain controlled chemicals and added bromochloromethane to the list of controlled substances. Since the Protocol went into effect, adjustments have also been made to the timetable for phasing out listed chemicals. The Protocol entered into force on 1 January 1989. "Good news, candy. The Status of Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary-General, The Convention entered into force on 1 January 1989. In addition to the ozone benefit, the HCFC phase-out agenda strongly emphasizes climate mitigation and energy efficiency. S2TgfKtx$jE$_d{]Y2I2}#uS#as!8 kf-,I1|Mp,Aq90""E Accession of Honduras to the amendments to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1997 and 1999, United Nations Headquarters, Article V gives qualifying developing countries a ten year delay in complying with targets and timetables, a separate consumption limit of 0.3 kilogram per capita, and access to the Montreal Protocol Fund to assist with compliance costs. Article 2(6) was intended to attract countries such as the former Soviet Union to join the Protocol, in that it lets a country add facilities under construction or contracted for prior to September 1987 to its base level for calculating its compliance with base year production. The Protocol also provides for industrial rationalization in that a party can transfer part of its calculated level of production of controlled chemicals to another party. Hassan Mubarak, MOP 34 President, gavels the meeting to a close. uuid:da335bbd-1fc9-44aa-bf11-6432de6636ac [36] After the discovery of the ozone hole by SAGE 2 it only took 18 months to reach a binding agreement in Montreal, Canada. United Nations Environment Programme, Draft Annex Concerning Measures to Control, Limit and Reduce the Use and Emissions of Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, submitted by Finland, Norway and Sweden (UNEP/WG.94/4/Add.2, 14 October 1983) Theprivate sectorhas also been key to ensuring success, particularly the early commitment of DuPont, the leading CFC manufacturer at the time, to completely phase-out of CFCs.
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