Alphabetical classification of all definitions appearing in the book. cell cycle -- Complete sequence of steps which must be performed by a cell in order to replicate itself, as seen from mitotic event to mitotic event. Prophase - the stage in cell division where chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes. [1] [2] All living organisms are made of cells. Most plant and animal cells are only visible under a microscope, with dimensions . Our Apps are nice too! Cellular Respiration - a process by which cells harvest the energy stored in food. See it in 3D! microvilli -- Thin fingerlike protrusions from the surface of a cell, often used to increase absorptive capacity or to trap food particles. All gram-negative bacteria and many gram-positive bacteria have short projections that support and move them. The central vacuole is a large membrane-bound organelle located in the cytoplasm of plant cells. It gets its name from the lack of ribosomes on its surface. endoplasmic reticulum -- (ER) network of membranes in eukaryotic cells which helps in control of protein synthesis and cellular organization. addition of an oligosaccharide to asparagine. Reactive organic compound with the HC=O group, Functional group consisting solely of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms, Describes a protein that can esist in multiple conformations depending on the binding of a molecule (ligand) at a site other than the catalytic site; changes from one conforamtion to another often alter the protein's activity or ligan affinity, Folding pattern, common in many proteins, in which a single polypeptide chain twists around itself to form a rigid cylinder stabilized by hydrogen bonds between every fourth amino acid, The production of different mRNAs (and proteins) from the same gene by splicing its RNA transcript in different ways, Family of mobile genetic elements that comprises about 10% of the human genome; this short, repetitive sequence is no longer mobile on its own, but requires enzymes encoded by other elements to transpose, molecule containing the functional group (-CONH2), molecule containing an amino group (-NH2), small organic molecule containing both an amino group and a carboxyl group; it serves as the building block of proteins, The order of the amino acid subunits in a protein chain. Unlike true multicellular organisms, the individual cells retain their separate identities, and usually, their own membranes and cell walls. Inhibition of topoisomerases leads to blockade of cell division, the target of several chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., etoposide). Diploid Cell - a cell that contains two sets of chromosomesone set of chromosomes is donated from each parent. Bailey, Regina. Mitochondria are the site of most of the energy production in most eukaryotes; they require oxygen to function. Cell Cycle - the life cycle of a dividing cell, including Interphase and the M phase or Mitotic phase (mitosis and cytokinesis). All cells arise from other cells, by binary fission in prokaryotic cells and by mitosis and meiosis in eukaryotic cells. Filled with the essential terms and phrases they'll need to understand as part of their GCSE Biology studies, this glossary is a wonderful way to support your students as they learn.With support for both Combined and Separate Sciences, this GCSE Biology Glossary makes a key tool in . Contained within this population of cells are multipotent bone marrow stromal stem cells that can self-renew and give rise to bone, cartilage, adipocytes and fibroblasts. . 1.6: Cell Division Quizlet study set. Cell wall (plant) A thick, rigid membrane that surrounds a plant cell. See it in 3D! Every organism, or living thing, is made up of structures called cells. Each chapter includes a few review questions. Examples include ionic bonds and the attractions bewteen molecules containing polar covalent bonds, Substance that cannot be broken down to any other chemical form; composed of a single type of atom, An undifferentiated cell type derived from the inner cell mass of an early mammalian embryo and capable of differentiating to give rise to any of the specialized cell types in the adult body, Process by which cells take in materials through an investigation of the plamsa membrane, which surrounds the ingested material in a membrane-enclosed vesicle, Interconnected network of membrane-enclosed organelles in a eukaryotic cell; includes the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi appartaus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and endosomes, Labyrinthine membrane-enclosed compartment in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells where lipids and proteins are made, Membrane-enclosed compartment of a eukaryotic cell through which material ingested by endocytosis passes on its way to lysosomes, Regulatory DNA sequence to which transcription regulators bind, influencing the rate of transcription of a gene that may be many thousands of base pairs away, Thermodynamic quantity that measures the degree of disorder in a system, A protein that catalyzes a specific chemical reaction, Transmembrane protein that, when stimulated by the binding of a ligand, acitvates an intracellular enzyme (either a separate enzyme or part of the receptor itself), The transmission of a heritable pattern of gene expression from one cell to its progeny that does not involve altering the nucleotide sequence of the DNA, Sheet of cells covering an external surface or lining an internal body cavity, State in which the forward and reverse rates of a chemical reaction are equal so that no net chemical change occurs. THe second stage of photosynthesis, carbon atom linked to an oxygen atom by a double bond, carbon atom linked to an oxygen atom by a double bond and to a hydroxyl group (-COOH). Organelles - tiny cellular structures, that carry out specific functions necessary for normal cellular operation. Microtubules - fibrous, hollow rods that function primarily to help support and shape the cell. This Biochemistry Glossary helps the students who are studying the biology. Scheduled maintenance: Saturday, June 5 from 4PM to 5PM PDT One set of chromosomes is donated from each parent. Transport vesicles fuse with and arise from the edges of the Golgi bodys cisternae. Centromere - a region on a chromosome that joins two sister chromatids. N-linked glycosylation. One unit of a given element. lysosome -- Eukaryotic organelle which carries digestive enzymes. plasma membrane -- Outer membrane of a cell, sometimes called the cell membrane. Genes - segments of DNA located on chromosomes that exist in alternative forms called alleles. Ribosomes - cell organelles that are responsible for assembling proteins. Gardnerella Vaginalis The Definitive Guide Biology Dictionary, free sex galleries gardnerella vaginalis the definitive guide biology dictionary, gardnerella vaginalis the Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotic organisms. Like other eukaryotes, plant cells have three main parts: the plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus. B. Cavity: A space within the body that contains various internal organs. Transport vesicles carry the fully processed proteins throughout the cell or to the plasma membrane for export. Prokaryotic cells have no internal membranes or cytoskeleton. What is Chromatin's Structure and Function? double membrane -- In mitochondria and plastids, there is a two-layered membrane which surrounds the organelle. Examples include complementary base pairs and the complementary strands of a DNA molecule, DNA molecule synthesized from an mRNA molecule and therefore lacking the introns that are present in genomic DNA, Genetic experiment that determines whether two mutations that are associated with the same phenotype lie in the same gene or in different genes, A collection of macromolecules that are bound to each other by noncovalent bonds to form a large structre with a specific function, A heritable characteristic whose transmission to progeny does not appear to obey Mendel's laws. Cell biology looks into the function and structure of the cell and encompasses both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. So, S stands for DNA synthesis. plasmid -- Circular loop of DNA in prokaryotes. By concentrating the chemical reactions of life inside a small area within a membrane, cells allow the reactions of life to proceed much faster than they otherwise would. The Dictionary of Cell Biology (Julian Dow, Glasgow University) contains thousands of cell biology terms and cross-references; a new graphical interface facilitates browsing of topic areas. Bailey, Regina. Function: The capsule protects the cell from phagocytosis and toxic materials, attaches the cell to surfaces or other cells, and helps the cell retain water. Golgi Complex - the cell organelle that is responsible for manufacturing, warehousing, and shipping certain cellular products. An organic compound with a hydroxyl group attached to one of its carbon atoms. an amino acid sequence that allows a molecule to enter the nucleus, Transport proteins for molecules containing an NLS, a type of RNA that can act as an enzyme (28S rRNA), a tube of proteases for ubiquitin marked proteins, A chain of hydrophobic amino acids at the end of a polypeptide chain, recognises incorrectly folded proteins, stopping them being sent to the golgi, A coat protein for transporting vesicles to the surface membrane or lysosomes, addition of an oligosaccharide to asparagine, Proteins that make up pores on the outer membranes of mitochrondria, initiate the growth of a new cytoskeletal filament, Motor protein for anterograde transport in the axon and movement from - to + in microtubules, Motor protein for movement from + to - in microtubules, Cleave cellular components during cell death, set off by an extrinsic or an intrinsic pathway, Cell disintegrates to release its products, excitatory potentials from many different neurones trigger threshold, Many excitatory potentials from one neurone trigger threshold, Makes up cell to cell anchoring junctions, A gel that supports and suspends our organs, David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, Bruce E. Byers, Gerald Audesirk, Teresa Audesirk. absorption A process in which one substance permeates another. Each granum is a stack of disc-shaped thylakoids that contain the pigment chlorophyll, which converts light energy into chemical energy to produce the food that sustains the plant. Function: Surrounded by two membranes, chloroplasts contain DNA, ribosomes, enzymes, grana, and a thick fluid called stroma. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of an organism and is often called the "building block of life." See it in 3D! frustule -- The mineral "skeleton" of a diatom or other unicellular organism. Mostly composed of water, plasma also contains electrolytesincluding sodium, chloride, and potassium ionsand several types of proteinsincluding . The field is simultaneously exposed to public and . Below is a list of common cell biology terms. Usually results in the loss of biologcial function, Short, branching structure that extends from the surface of a nerve cell and receives signals from other neurons, A shift in the membrane potential, making it less negative, Specialized cell-cell junction, usually formed between two epithelial cells, that serves to connect the ropelike keratin filaments of adjoining cells, providing tensile strength, Soapy substance used to solubilize membrane proteins. eyespot -- Light-sensitive organelle found in many groups of protists, and in some metazoans. Cytokinesis - the division of the cytoplasm that produces distinct daughter cells. Prevalent in generich areas, its less compact structure allows access for proteins involved in transcription. The glossary features nearly 250 terms explained in an easy-to-understand way by leading scientists and professionals at the National Human Genome Research Institute. Structural polysaccharide consisting of long chains of covalently linked glucose units. Sometimes called the primary structure of a protein, During protein synthesis, an enzyme that attaches the correct amino acid to a tRNA molecule to form a "charged" aminoacyl-tRNA, Nucleotide produced by the energetically favorable hydrolysis of the final two phosphate groups from ATP, a reaction that drives the synthesis of DNA and RNA, having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region, Series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions by which large biological molecules are synthesized from smaller subunits; usually requires input of energy, Set of metabolic pathways by which large molecules are made from smaller ones, Stage of mitosis during which the two sets of chromosomes separate and are pulled toward opposite ends of the dividing cell, A protein complex that triggers the separation of sister chromatids and orchestrates the carefully timed destruction of proteins that control progress through the cell cycle; the complex catalyzes the ubiquitylation of its targets, In chloroplasts and photosynthetic bacteria, the part of the membrane-bound photosystem that captures energy from sunlight; contains an array of proteins that bind nundreds of chlorophyll molecules and other photosensitive pigments, Protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to a foreign molecule or invading organism. Glossary from the Primer on Molecular Genetics (Department of Energy) lists molecular biology and genomic terms and includes a list of organization acronyms. See it in 3D! It is formed by pinching-off of a protein-coated region of cell membrane, Group of three consecutive nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid or that starts or stops protein synthesis; applies to the nucleotides in an mRNA or in a coding sequence of DNA, Small molecule used to carry and transfer acetyl groups needed for a variety of metabolic reactions, such as the synthesis of fatty acids, Protein complex thats holds sister chromatids together after DNA has been replicated in the cell cycle, Stable, rodlike protein structure formed when two or more alpha helices twist around each other, Triple-stranded, fibrous protein that is a major component of the extracullular matrix and connective tissues; it is the main protein in animal tissues, and different forms can be found in skin, tendon, bone, cartilage, and blood vessels, Describes the way in which groups of transcription regulators work together to regulate the epression of a single gene, describes two molecular surfaces that fit together closely and form noncovalent bonds with each other. It helps to solve typical words.. . of all organisms. undulipodium -- Another term for a eukaryotic flagellum. Cell Cycle - the life cycle of a dividing cell, including Interphase and the M phase or Mitotic phase (mitosis and cytokinesis). See our privacy policy for additional details. The Scientist Creative Services Team | 1 min read. We have 9 Pics about White Blood Cell - The Definitive Guide | Biology Dictionary like Synthetic microorganisms allow scientists to study ancient evolutionary, Blood Lab and also White Blood Cell - The Definitive Guide | Biology Dictionary. amphiesma -- The outer covering of a dinoflagellate, consisting of several membrane layers. "Cell Biology Glossary." The Golgi body (Golgi apparatus, Golgi complex) is a membrane-bound organelle located in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. coenocytic -- Condition in which an organism consists of filamentous cells with large central vacuoles, and whose nuclei are not partitioned into separate compartments. See it in 3D! See it in 3D! ultrastructure -- The detailed structure of a specimen, such as a cell, tissue, or organ, Animal Cells - eukaryotic cells that contain various membrane-bound organelles. Compare with haploid. Year wise classification of all definitions appearing in G.C.E. Cell cycle has different stages called G1, S, G2, and M. G1 is the stage where the cell is preparing to divide. bacteriophage -- Virus which infects and destroys a bacterial host. Distinct zones of organization are called ultrastructure zones. Plasmids can replicate themselves, and they are not associated with the cell's chromosome. See it in 3D! Contact us: inquiries@biologydictionary.net FOLLOW US Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Prominent in most plants, bacteria, algae and fungi, but not present in most animal cells, Network of regulatory proteins that govern the orderly progression of a eukarotic cell through the stages of cell divion. ThoughtCo. transduction -- Viral transfer of DNA to new host. ANDRZEJ WOJCICKI/Science Photo Library/Getty Images. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. fission -- Division of single-celled organisms, especially prokaryotes, in which mitosis does not occur. The central dogma of molecular biology is a theory first proposed by . Plasma, the liquid portion of blood, makes up 55% of the total blood volume. Action potentials, or nerve impulses, make possible long-distance signaling in the nervous system. Transport vesicles then take the modified proteins to the nearby Golgi body, where they are processed further and sorted for transport. How does it compare to a nucleoid. It has crucial relevance to many applied fields, including medicine, agriscience, biotechnology and genetics. Blastocyst A very early embryo consisting of approximately 150 cells. Thoroughly revised and updated, the Fifth Edition maintains its focus on the latest cell biology research. Inside the Cell is a science education booklet that explores the interior design of cells and vividly describes the processes that take place within its organelles and structures. It serves as the cell's store of genetic information that is transmitted form ge, Production of many identical copies of a DNA sequence, Collection of cloned DNA molecules, representing either an entire genome (genomic library) or copies of the mRNA produced by a cell (cDNA library), Enzyme that reseals nicks that arise in the backbone of a DNA molecule; in the laboratory, can be used to join together two DNA fragments, The enzymatic addition of methyl groups to cytosine bases in DNA; this covalent modification generally turns off genes by attracting proteins that block gene expression. Traveling wave of electrical excitation caused by rapid, transient, self-propagating depolarization of the plasma membrane in a neuron or other excitable cell; also called a nerve impulse activated carrier molecules that transport energy, ATP activation energy energy input necessary to initiate a chemical reaction activator Cytoskeleton - a network of fibers throughout the cell's cytoplasm that helps the cell maintain its shape and gives support to the cell. that can be observed only by electron microscopy. It contains the cells DNA, organelles, and a fluid portion called cytosol. protoplasm -- All the contents of a cell, including the nucleus. The other components of blood are red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, which are suspended in plasma. Mitochondria - cell organelles that convert energy into forms that are usable by the cell. cis-cisternae. Centrioles - cylindrical structures that are composed of groupings of microtubules arranged in a 9 + 3 pattern. They carry out numerous functions that enable each body system to contribute to homeostasis. Types found in living cells including ionic bond, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds, Combination of atoms, such as a hydroxyl group (-oh) or an amino group (-NH2), with distinct chemical and physical properties that influences the behavior of the molecule in which it resides, Mechanism that uses the energy stored in a transmembrane proton gradient to drive an energy-requiring process, such as the synthesis of ATP or the transport of a molecule across a membrane, X-shaped connection between paired homolgous chromosomes during meiosis; represents a site of crossing-over between two non-polar chromatids, Light-absorbing green pigment that plays a central part in photosynthesis, Specialized organelle in algae and plants that contains chlorophyll and serves as the site in which photosynthesis takes place, Short, rigid lipid molecule present in large amounts in the plasma membrane of animal cells; where it makes the lipid bilayer less flexible, Complex of DNA and proteins that makes up the chromosomes in a eukaryotic cell, Enzyme (typically multisubunit) that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to alter the arrangement of nucleosomes in eukaryotic chromsomes, changing the acessibility of the underlying DNA to other proteins, including those involved in transcription, separates substances based on their movement through a special paper, Long, threadlike structure composed of DNA and proteins that carries the genetic information of an organism; becomes visible as a distinct entity when a plant or animal cell prepares to divide, Process by which a duplicated chromosome becomes packed into a more compact structure prior to cell division, Hairlike structure made of microtubules found on the surface of many eukaryotic cells; when present in large numbers, its rhythmic beating can drive the movement of fluid over the cell surface, as in the epithelium of the lungs, Section of the Golgi apparatus that receives materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, Series of reactions that generates large amounts of NADH by oxidizing acetyl groups derived from food molecules to CO2. 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Into the function and structure of the cytoplasm of plant cells have three main parts: the plasma membrane export... Mineral `` skeleton '' of a diatom or other unicellular organism surrounds a plant cell that! Necessary for normal cellular operation Glossary helps the students who are studying the biology ribosomes, enzymes,,! Mineral `` skeleton '' of a cell that contains various internal organs plant.... Arranged in a 9 + 3 pattern dinoflagellate, consisting of approximately 150 cells wise of... Stage in cell division where chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes ionsand several types of proteinsincluding encompasses both prokaryotic and cells. Body, where they are processed further and sorted for transport themselves, and in metazoans! Energy production in most eukaryotes ; they require oxygen to function production in most eukaryotes they! Name from the surface of a cell, including the nucleus, June 5 from 4PM 5PM! B. 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